Ngentsimbi ye-13:00 ngexesha lasekuhlaleni nge-24 ka-Agasti ka-2023, umzi-mveliso wamandla enyukliya wase-Fukushima Daiichi waseJapan uqalise ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi angcolisekileyo enyukliya elwandle. Yavusa inkxalabo yehlabathi lonke. Unozakuzaku waseTshayina eJapan uWu Jianghao wenze uqhanqalazo olundilekileyo kurhulumente waseJapan malunga nokukhutshelwa kwamanzi angcolisekileyo aseFukushima elwandle; Ulawulo Jikelele lwaseTshayina: Ukunqunyanyiswa okupheleleyo kokungeniswa ngaphandle kweemveliso zasemanzini zaseJapan; Inkulumbuso yaseMzantsi Korea: UMzantsi Korea uya kugcina ukuvalwa kokungeniswa kwemveliso yasemanzini yaseJapan yaseFukushima ingatshintshi.
Ugutyulo lwenyukliya, njengoko negama lisitsho, lindle eliqulethe i-radioactivity. Okufana namanzi amdaka asebenza ngemitha ephezulu aveliswa kwiingozi zokuvuza kwenyukliya, okanye ukupholisa amanzi ngokudibana ngqo namafutha enyukliya. Iingcali zithi amanzi amdaka enyukliya awalingani namanzi amdaka enyukliya. Ugutyulo lwenyukliya luyingozi ngakumbi, luqulathe iindidi ezingama-64 zezixhobo ze-nuclear radioactive kuquka i-tritium.
Ugutyulo lwenyukliya luqulathe izinto ezininzi ezine-radioactive, ezifana ne-uranium, iplutonium, i-caesium, i-strontium, i-iodine kunye ne-cobalt. Abanye babo banesiqingatha sobomi obude, njengesiqingatha sobomi be-uranium-238, eyi-4.5 yezigidigidi zeminyaka, kunye nesiqingatha sobomi be-plutonium-239, iminyaka engama-24,000. Ezi zinto ze-radioactive zibeka iingozi ezinzulu kumzimba womntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ezifana ne-carcinogenicity, i-teratogenicity kunye ne-mutagenicity. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko, ukugxila kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezahlukeneyo zokusasazeka ngemitha kumanzi amdaka enyukliya ziyahluka, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zidlula kude imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemida yokhuseleko.
Ukuba amanzi amdaka enyukliya akhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo ngaphandle konyango olululo, oko kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kwi-ikhosistim kunye nempilo yabantu. Izinto ezinokusasaza ngemitha zinokusasazwa ngamanzi, umhlaba, umoya, amakhonkco okutya, njl. njl., okukhokelela ekwandeni kweedosi zemitha yemitha kwizinto eziphilayo, ezibangela izifo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuguquka kwemfuza. Ke ngoko, ukucocwa nokulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka enyukliya kufuneka kulandele imigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko kunye nezithethe ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuvuza kunye neengozi ezinokubakho.
Iitekhnoloji zokunyanga amanzi amdaka enyukliya ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe ahlukeneyo zezi zilandelayo:
- Indlela yemvula yeekhemikhali
Indlela yokugutyungelwa kweekhemikhali yindlela yokukhawulelana ne-agent ye-precipitating kunye ne-trace amount of radionuclides kumanzi amdaka. I-Hydroksidi, i-carbonates, i-phosphates kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-radionuclides kumanzi amdaka zininzi ezinganyibilikiyo kwaye ngoko zinokususwa ngexesha lonyango. Injongo yokucocwa kweekhemikhali kukudlulisa nokugxininiswa kweeradionuclides kumanzi amdaka ukuya kumthamo omncinci wodaka, ukuze amanzi amdaka adipozithiweyo abe ne-radioactivity encinane eseleyo kwaye akwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokulahla.
Iingenelo zale ndlela ziindleko eziphantsi, isiphumo esilungileyo sokususa i-logarithmic radionuclides, kunye nokukwazi ukunyanga izinto ezingeyo-radioactive kunye nokugxininiswa kwazo kunye namanzi amdaka adityanisiweyo anolwelo oluninzi. Amaziko onyango kunye nobuchwepheshe obusetyenziswayo banamava kakhulu.
Okwangoku, i-precipitants efana ne-iron salts, i-aluminium salts, i-phosphates, kunye nesoda zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukuze kukhuthazwe inkqubo yokudibanisa, ii-coagulation aids ezifana nodongwe, i-silica esebenzayo, kunye ne-polymer electrolytes zongezwa. Kwi-cesium, i-ruthenium, i-iodine kunye nezinye ii-nuclides ezigxininisiweyo ze-radioactive ekunzima ukuzisusa, ii-precipitants ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali kufuneka zisetyenziswe. Umzekelo, i-cesium inokususwa ngokukhutshelwa kwe-ferrocyanide kunye ne-copper ferrocyanide. Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-starch xanthate enganyibilikiyo ukunyanga amanzi amdaka ane-radioactive. Isiphumo sonyango silungile, ukusetyenziswa kubanzi, kwaye izinga lokususa i-radioactive yi>90%. Yi-ion exchange flocculant kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo. Kuba akukho sulfide eshiyekileyo xa kucocwa amanzi amdaka, ifaneleke ngakumbi ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.
- Indlela yokutshintsha i-ion
Iiradionuclides ezininzi zenziwa i-ionized emanzini, ngakumbi amanzi amdaka asebenza ngeradioactive emva konyango lokuna kwekhemikhali. Ngenxa yokususwa kweeradionuclides ezinqunyanyisiweyo kunye ne-colloidal, okushiyekileyo phantse ziintlobo ze-ionic, uninzi lwazo ziications. Ngaphezu koko, ii-radionuclides zikhona kwimilinganiselo emincinci emanzini, ngoko ke zifaneleke kakhulu kunyango lotshintshiselwano lwe-ion, kwaye ngokungabikho kokuphazamiseka kwii-non-radioactive ion, utshintshiselwano lwe-ion lunokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ixesha elide. Uninzi lweereyini zokutshintshiselana nge-cation zinomthamo ophezulu wokususa kunye nomthamo omkhulu wotshintshiselwano we-radioactive strontium. I-phenolic cation resin inokususa ngokufanelekileyo i-cesium ye-radioactive, kunye ne-microporous cation resin ayikwazi ukususa kuphela i-cations ye-radioactive, kodwa iphinde isuse i-zirconium, i-niobium, i-cobalt ngendlela ye-colloids, kunye ne-ruthenium ngendlela ye-complex ngokusebenzisa i-adsorption. Noko ke, lo mthetho unobuthathaka obubulalayo. Xa umxholo we-radioactive nuclides okanye i-ion non-radioactive kulwelo lwenkunkuma iphezulu, ibhedi ye-resin iya kungena ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingasebenzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-resin esetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanzi amdaka e-radioactive ayihlaziywa, ngoko xa isilele, kufuneka itshintshwe ngokukhawuleza.
Indlela yokutshintshiselana nge-ion isebenzisa i-ion exchange resin, efanelekileyo kulwelo olulahlwayo olunetyuwa ephantsi. Xa umxholo wetyuwa uphezulu, iindleko zonyango kunye ne-ion exchange resin iphezulu kunenkqubo ekhethiweyo. Oku kubangelwe ikakhulu kukhetho oluphantsi lwe-resin enonxibelelwano olukhulu kunye ne-radionuclides. Ekuhlanjululweni kwamanzi amdaka e-radioactive, ukusetyenziswa kwe-electrodialysis kunokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwenkqubo yokutshintshiselana kwe-ion.
- Indlela ye-Adsorption
I-Adsorption yindlela esebenzayo yokususa i-ion zetsimbi enzima emanzini ngokusebenzisa izinto eziqinileyo ezinobunwele ukubhengeza kunye nokususa iiyoni zetsimbi enzima. Itekhnoloji ephambili yendlela ye-adsorption kukhetho lwe-adsorbent. I-adsorbents esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-activated carbon, i-zeolite, i-kaolin, i-bentonite, udongwe, njl njl. Phakathi kwabo, i-zeolite ingabizi, ikhuselekile kwaye kulula ukuyifumana. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-adsorbents ze-inorganic, i-zeolite inomthamo omkhulu we-adsorption kunye nesiphumo esingcono sokucoca. Ikhono lokuhlanjululwa kwe-zeolite ngamaxesha angama-10 aphezulu kunezinye i-adsorbents ye-inorganic, ngoko ke i-arhente yonyango yamanzi ekhuphisanayo kakhulu. Ihlala isetyenziswa njenge-adsorbent kwiinkqubo zokunyanga amanzi, kwaye isebenza njenge-ion exchanger kunye ne-agent agent.
Ikhabhoni esebenzayo inomthamo owomeleleyo we-adsorption kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokususa, kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuselelwa kwekhabhoni esebenzayo kuphantsi, kwaye umgangatho wamanzi wamanzi acociweyo kunzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Ixabiso liyabiza kwaye isicelo silinganiselwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo ze-adsorbent ezinomthamo we-adsorption ziye zaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe. Izifundo ezifanelekileyo zibonise ukuba i-chitosan kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zizibhengezo ezilungileyo ze-ion zentsimbi enzima. Emva kokudibanisa, i-chitosan resin ingaphinda isetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kokunciphisa kakhulu umthamo we-adsorption. Ukusebenzisa i-sepiolite eguquliweyo ukunyanga amanzi amdaka esinyithi anomthamo olungileyo we-adsorption ye-Co kunye ne-Ag, kwaye umxholo wesinyithi onzima kumanzi amdaka acociweyo uphantsi kakhulu kunomgangatho obanzi wokulahla ugutyulo.
- Ukufudumala kunye nokugxila
Indlela yoxinaniso ephuphumayo inomlinganiselo ophezulu woxinaniso kunye nokucoca, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ukunyanga amanzi amdaka aphakathi kunye naphezulu. Umgaqo osebenzayo wendlela yokuphuma komphunga kukuba: amanzi angcolileyo e-radioactive athunyelwa kwisixhobo sokuphefumula, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, umphunga wokufudumeza uqaliswa ukukhupha amanzi abe ngumphunga wamanzi, ngelixa i-radionuclides ihlala emanzini. Amanzi ajikisiweyo akhiwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphuphuma komphunga ayakhutshwa okanye aphinde asetyenziswe, kwaye ulwelo olugxininisiweyo luqina ngakumbi. Indlela yoxinaniso yokuphuphuma komphunga ayifanelekanga ukunyanga amanzi amdaka aqulathe iinuclides eziguquguqukayo kwaye aphume amagwebu ngokulula; idla amandla amaninzi okushisa kwaye ineendleko eziphezulu zokusebenza; kwangaxeshanye, izoyikiso ezinokubakho ezifana nokugqwala, ukukala, kunye noqhushumbo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngexesha loyilo kunye nokusebenza. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa komphunga kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, amazwe ebesoloko ezama ukuphuhlisa imiphunga emitsha, njengeevaporators zokucinezela umphunga, ii-evaporators zefilimu ezibhityileyo, i-vacuum evaporators kunye nezinye ii-evaporator ezintsha zifumene iziphumo ezimangalisayo.
- Itekhnoloji yokwahlula iiMembrane
Itekhnoloji yeMembrane yindlela esebenza ngokufanelekileyo, eyongayo nethembekileyo yokunyanga amanzi amdaka ngemitha. Ngenxa yokuba itekhnoloji yokwahlula i-membrane ineempawu zomgangatho olungileyo wamanzi amdaka, akukho tshintsho lwesigaba semathiriyeli, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, itekhnoloji ye-membrane iphandiwe ngenkuthalo.
Itekhnoloji ye-membrane esetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe zezi: i-microfiltration, i-ultrafiltration, i-nanofiltration , i-polymer enyibilikayo emanzini – i-membrane filtration, i-reverse osmosis (RO), i-electrodialysis, i-membrane distillation, i-electrochemical ion exchange, i-liquid membrane, i-ferrite adsorption filtration membrane separation kunye ne-anion-exchange paper membrane kunye nezinye iindlela.
I-Melamine foam, uhlobo lwe-nanoscale oluzinzile olunethath-ntathu net organic filtration substrate, ubukhulu bayo bepore ukuya kwi-1nm, umthamo wepore ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.297cc/g, ukuvulwa kwepore ukuya kuma-98%. Inokufikelela kwintengiso esebenzayo kunye nokuhluzwa kwamanzi amdaka enyukliya, nkqu neentlobo ezininzi ze-adsorbents ezidityanisiweyo.
- Unyango lwebhayoloji
Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji ziquka i-phytoremediation kunye neendlela ze-microbial. I-Phytoremediation ibhekiselele kwitekhnoloji entsha yonyango lwe-in-situ esebenzisa izityalo eziluhlaza kunye ne-rhizosphere yazo ii-microorganisms zemveli ukuze zisebenzisane ukususa ungcoliseko kokusingqongileyo.
Kwiziphumo zophando ezikhoyo, iintlobo ezisebenzayo zobuchwepheshe bokulungiswa kwezityalo nezilwanyana ikakhulu zibandakanya ubugcisa bomgxobhozo obakhiwe, itekhnoloji yokucoca irhizosphere, iteknoloji yokutsalwa kwezityalo, ubuchwephesha bokuqina kwezityalo, kunye nobuchwephesha bokutshintsha kwezityalo. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba phantse yonke iuranium kumzimba wamanzi inokutyetyiswa kwiingcambu zezityalo.
Unyango lweMicrobiological lwamanzi amdaka anemitha ephantsi bubuchwepheshe obutsha obaqala ukuphononongwa ngoo-1960. Kukho izifundo malunga nokususwa kwe-uranium kumanzi amdaka e-radioactive ngale ndlela ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kodwa uninzi lwayo lukwinqanaba lovavanyo lophando ngoku.
Ngophuhliso lwe-biotechnology kunye nophononongo olunzulu lwendlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-microorganisms kunye nesinyithi, abantu baqonda ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-microorganisms ukunyanga ungcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka nge-radioactive yindlela ethembisa kakhulu. Iiseli zeMicrobial zisetyenziswa njengee-arhente zonyango lwebhayoloji ukufunxa, ukutyebisa kunye nokubuyisela ii-radionuclides ezifana ne-uranium kwisisombululo esinamanzi, esisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, ixabiso eliphantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi. Ngaphezu koko, akukho ungcoliseko lwesibini, olunokuthi lufezekise injongo yokunciphisa inkunkuma ye-radioactive kunye nokudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuhlaziywa okanye ukulahlwa kwe-geological of nuclides.
- Indlela yeMagneto-molecule
I-United States Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) iphuhlise indlela ye-Mag-Mole-clue yokunciphisa inani lenkunkuma ye-radioactive efana ne-strontium, i-cesium kunye ne-cobalt eyenziwe. Indlela isekelwe kwiprotheyini ebizwa ngokuba yi-ferritin, eguqulwayo ukuze isebenzise iimolekyuli zemagneti ukuze zikhethe ukubopha izinto ezingcolisayo, ezithi zisuswe kwisisombululo ngoomazibuthe, emva koko iintsimbi ezibotshiweyo zifunyanwa ngokuhlamba ibhedi yokucoca imagnethi. I-Ferritin yiprotheyini ye-multifunctional multiunit egcinwe kakhulu efumaneka kwizinto eziphilayo, eneempawu ezikhethekileyo zokuchasana ne-dilute acids (pH <2.0), i-dilute bases (pH= 12.0), kunye namaqondo okushisa aphezulu (okungaguqukiyo ukuya kwi-70～75 ° C ubushushu bamanzi). Ngokunzulu kophando lwe-ferritin, inkqubela enkulu yenziwe kuphononongo lwemisebenzi emitsha kwi-vitro kusetyenziswa isithuba se-nano seqokobhe leproteni. Uphononongo lwe-in vitro lubonise ukuba i-ferritin inamandla okugcina i-ion zentsimbi enzima kwi-vitro. Ukongezelela, izifundo zangaphambili zigxininise kwindlela yokugcina isinyithi kunye nokukhululwa kwi-ferritin usebenzisa ezinye ii-ion zetsimbi ezinzima njenge-probes ezikhuphisana ne-iron ion. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba le propati ye-ferritin ukubamba i-ion zetsimbi kwaye ikwazi ukuxhathisa ukuguqulwa ingasetyenziselwa ukwakha i-reactor ye-ferritin kwaye isetyenziswe ebaleni lokujonga ngokuqhubekayo iqondo lokungcoliswa kwamanzi ahambayo ngeeoni zetsimbi ezinzima. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile ze-vitro, ezinye ii-nuclei zetsimbi, ezifana ne-FeS nuclei, i-CdS nuclei, i-nuclei ye-Mn3O4, i-Fe3O4 i-nuclei ye-iron magnetic kunye ne-uranium nuclei yezinto ze-radioactive, ziye zahlanganiswa ngempumelelo kwindawo ye-nano yeegobolondo zeprotheni ye-ferritin.
- Indlela yokunyanga engasebenziyo
IYunivesithi yasePennsylvania State kunye neSavannah River National Laboratory ziye zaphuhlisa indlela entsha yokulungisa ulwelo oluthile olukwinqanaba elisezantsi lenkunkuma eqhumayo kwifomu eqinileyo yokulahlwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Le nkqubo intsha isebenzisa ubushushu obuphantsi (< 90°C) indlela yokudibanisa ukuzinzisa ulwelo lwenkunkuma ene-alkaline, esebenza kancinci, oko kukuthi, ukuguqula ulwelo lwenkunkuma lube ngumzimba oqinileyo ongasebenziyo. Izazinzulu zabiza umzimba wokugqibela onyangisiweyo "nge-hydro ceramic" (i-bisque-fired porous ceramic). Bathi umzimba wokugqibela oqinileyo unzima kakhulu, uzinzile kwaye uhlala ixesha elide, kwaye unokulungisa i-radionuclides kwisakhiwo sayo se-zeolite. Le nkqubo yokulungiselela iyafana nenkqubo yokubunjwa kwamatye kwindalo.
- Zero-valent iron percolation reaction wall technology
I-permeable reactive barrier (PRB) yindlela evela kumazwe aphuhlileyo afana neYurophu kunye ne-United States yokususwa kwindawo ehlala kuyo izinto ezingcolisayo kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba angcolisekileyo. Ii-PRBs zidla ngokufakelwa kwi-akhwifa engaphantsi komhlaba, ngokuthe ngqo kwicala lokuhamba kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Xa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba angcolisekileyo etyhutyha eludongeni lokusabela phantsi kwentshukumo ye-hydraulic gradient yayo, ungcoliseko luya kususwa ngokusabela komzimba kunye neekhemikhali kunye nemathiriyeli yokusabela eludongeni, ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yokubuyisela ungcoliseko.
Obu bubuchule bokubuyisela obufuna ukulungiswa okuncinci kwaye alubizi. Njengesebe elibalulekileyo leteknoloji ye-PRB, iteknoloji ye-Fe0-PRB iye yaphandwa kwaye yaphuhliswa kumazwe amaninzi nakwimiba emininzi yonyango longcoliseko lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Iziphumo ezikhuthazayo zifunyenwe kwisifundo sendlela yokusabela, ukwakhiwa kunye nokufakwa kwe-PRBs, kunye nokufundwa kwezinto ezintsha ezisebenzayo. Abaphengululi China baye baqalisa ukufunda iteknoloji percolation eludongeni esebenzayo emelwe zero-valent yentsimbi yokulungisa (unyango) of uranium iitailings radioactive amanzi amdaka, kwaye uphando lwangoku lufumene iziphumo ezithile.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neemveliso ze-nanofiltration ze-SINOYQX melamine foam, nceda uqhagamshelane nathi ku- [email protected] okanye usithumelele ilizwi ku: +86-28-8411-1861.
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